Clay References

SOURCE CLAY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Listed below is a preliminary list of reference data for the sourceclays. The Society asks that you review the listing and add any referencesthat are missing. Please submit the missing references to The ClayMinerals Society, Leslie Shivers, Manager, P.O. Box 460130, Aurora, CO80046-0130 USA. Phone: (303)680-9002, FAX: (303)680-9003, Email:cms@clays.org, to complete the summaries availablefor each of the Source Clays.

References will be listed for categories including: geology, chemistry,crystallography, and physical properties. A separate "identification"category will have listings for x-ray diffraction infrared spectroscopy,electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis.

Presently there are no references for the description of the illite-smectitemixed-layer material, or the Washington corrensite and the supply of illite-smectiteis temporarily depleted.

SOURCE CLAY MINERALS

Kaolin KGa-1 or KGa-1b and KGa-2

White, G.N., Dixon, J.B., Weaver, R.M. and Kunkle, A.C. ,1992, Sedimentarystructure in gray kaolins of Georgia. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40,555-560.
Schroeder, P.A. Pruett, R.J. and Hurst, V.J., 1998, Effects of secondaryiron phases on kaolinite 27Al MAS NMR spectra. Clays and Clay Minerals,46,429-435.
Hurst, V.J. and Pickering, S.M., 1997, Origin and classification ofcoastalplain kaolins, southeastern USA, and the role of groundwater and microbialaction. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 274-285.
Schroth, B.K. and Sposito G., 1997, Surface charge properties ofkaolinite.Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 85-91.
Bickmore, B.R., Hoichella, M.F. Jr., Bosbach, ED., Charlet, L. 1999,Methodsfor performing atomic force microscopy imaging of clay minerals in aqueoussolutions, Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 573-581.
Aja, S., 1998, The sorption of the rare earth element, ND, onto kaoliniteat250 C, Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 103-109.
Zbik, M., and R. St.C. Smart, 1998, Nanomorphology of kaolinites:comparative SEM and AFM studies, Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 153-160.
Ward, D.B. and P.V. Brady, 1998, Effect of Al and organic acids on thesurface chemistry of kaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 453-465.
Gaite, J.-M., Ermakoff, P., Allard, Th. and Muller, J.-P., 1997,Paramagnetic Fe3+: a sensitive probe for disorder in kaolinite, Clays andClay Minerals, 45, 496-505.
Stein, J.A., and A. Fitch, 1996, Effects of clay type on the diffusionalproperties of a clay-modified electrode, Clays and Clay Minerals, 44,381-392.
Frost, R.L. and A.M. Vassallo, 1996, The dehyrdoxylation of the kaoliniteclay minerals using infrared spectroscopy, Clays and Clay Minerals, 44,635-651.
Malekani, K., Rice, J.A., and Lin, J-S, 1996, Comparison of techniques fordetermining the fractal dimensions of clay minerals. Clays and ClayMinerals, 44, 677-685.
Singh, B, And I. D.R. Mackinnon, 1996, Experimental transformation ofkaolinite to halloysite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 825-834.
Frost, R.L., 1995, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of kaolinite,dickite and halloysite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 191-195.
Artioli, G., Bellotto, M., Gualtieri, A., and Pavese, A., 1995, Nature andstructural disorder in natural kaolinites: a new model based on computersimulation of powder diffraction data and electrostatic energycalculation,Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 438-445.
Malengreau, N., Muller, J-P, and Calas, G., 1995, Spectroscopic approachforinvestigating the status and mobility of Ti in kaolinitic materials, Claysand Clay Minerals, 43, 615-621.
Tunney, J. and C. Detellier, 1994, Preparation and characterization of twodistinct ethylene glycol derivatives of kaolinite, Clays and ClayMinerals,42, 552-560.
Malengreau, N., Muller, J-P, and Calas, G., 1994, Fe-Speciation inkaolins:a diffuse reflectance study, Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 137-147.
Tunney, J. and C. Detellier, 1994, Preparation and characterization of an8.4A hydrate of kaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 473-476.
Pruett, R.J. and H.L. Webb, 1993, Sampling and analysis of KGa-1Bwell-crystallized kaolin source clay, Clays and Clay Minerals, 41,514-519.
Mackinnon, I.D.R., Uwins, P.J.R., Yago, A., and Page, D., 1993, Kaoliniteparticle sizes in the <2 ?m range using laser scattering, Clays and ClayMinerals, 41, 613-623.>
Gehring, A.U., Fry, I.V., Luster, J. and Sposito, G., 1993, The chemicalform of vanadium (IV) in kaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 41,662-667.
Uwins, P.J.R , Mackinnon, I.D.R., Thompson, J.G. and Yago, A., 1993,Kaolinite : NMF intercalates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 707-717.
Thompson, J.G., Uwins, P.J.R, Whittaker, A., Mackinnon, I.D.R, 1992,Structural characterization of kaolinite:NaCl intercalate and itsderivatives, Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 369-380.
Zhou, Z. and W.D. Gunter, 1992, Surface charge of kaolinite, Clays andClayMinerals, 40, 365-368.
Singh, S.P.N. and S.V. Mattigod, 1992, Modeling boron adsorption onkaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 192-205.
Pennell, K.D., Rhue, R.D., and Harris, W.G., 1991, The effect of heattreatments on the total charge and exchangeable cations of Ca-, Na-, andLi-saturated kaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 306-315.
Robie, R.A. and B.S. Hemingway, 1991, Heat capacities of kaolinite form 7to380 K and of DMSO-intercalated kaolinite from 20 to 310 K. The entropy ofkaolinite Al2Si2O5 (OH)4, Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 362-368.
Johnston, C.T. and D.A. Stone, 1990, Influence of hydrazine on thevibrational modes of kaolinite, Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 121-128.
Costanzo, P.M. and R.F. Giese, Jr., 1990, Ordered and disordered organicintercalates of 8.4 A, synthetically hydrated kaolinite, Clays and ClayMinerals, 38, 160-170.
Zapp, A.D.,1965, Bauxite deposits of the Andersonville District, Georgia,U.S.G.S. Bull.1199-G.
Weaver, C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973, The chemistry of clay minerals, Developmentsin Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p.137-144.
Huddlestun, P.F.,Marsalis, W.E.,and Pickering, S.M.Jr.,1974, Tertiary stratigraphyof the Central Georgia Coastal Plain, Georgia Geological Survey GuidebookNo.12.
Patterson, S.H.,and Buie, B.F.,1974, Field conference on Kaolin and Fuller'sEarth, Nov.14-16, 1974. Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook No.14.
Tschudy, R.H.,and Patterson, S.H.,1975, Palynological evidence for LateCretaceous, Paleocene, and Early and Middle Eocene ages for the stratain the Kaolin Belt, Central Georgia, Journal of Research, U.S.G.S.,p.437-445.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon Press, 346 p

Palygorskite(Attapulgite) PFl-1

Weaver, C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973, The chemistry of clay minerals, Developmentsin Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p.119-126.
Patterson, S.H.,1974, Fuller's Earth and other mineral resources of theMeigs-Attapulgus-Quincy District, Georgia and Florida, U.S.G.S. ProfessionalPaper 828, p.45.
Patterson, S.H.,and Buie, B.F.,1974, Field conference on Kaolin and Fuller'sEarth, Nov.14-16,1974. Guidbook 14, Georgia Geological Survey, p.53.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon Press, 346 p

"Cheto" SAz-1 or SAz-2

Janek, M. and L', SmrËok, 1999, Application of an internal standardtechnique by transmission X-ray diffraction to assess layer charge of amontmorillonite by using the alkylammonium method, Clays and ClayMinerals,47, 113-118.
Meier, L/P. and G. Kahr, 1999, Determination of the cation exchangecapacity(CEC) of clay minerals using the complexes of copper(II) ion withtriethylenetetramine and tetraethylemepentamine, Clays and Clay Minerals,47, 386-388.
Laird, D.A., 1999, Layer charge influences on the hydration of expandable2:1 phyllosilicates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 630-636.
Volzone, C. Thompson, J.G., Melnitchenko, A., Ortiga, J., Palethrope,S.R.,1999, Selective gas adsorption by amorphous clay-mineral derivatives.Claysand Clay Minerals, 47, 647-657.
Brigatti, M.F., Lugli, C., Montorsi, S., and Poppi, L., 1999, Effects ofexchange cations and layer-charge location on cysteine retention bysmectites, Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 664-671.
Stein, J.A., and A. Fitch, 1996, Effects of clay type on the diffusionalproperties of a clay-modified electrode, Clays and Clay Minerals, 44,381-392.
Undabeytia T., Nir S., Rytwo G., Morillo E., and Maqueda C. 1998.Modeling adsorption -desorption processes of Cd on montmorillonite. Claysand Clays Minerals. 46:432-428
Turner David R., Pabalan Roberto T., Bertetti F. Paul. 1998. Neptunium(V)sorption on montmorillonite: an experimental and surface complexationmodeling study. Clays and Clays Minerals. 46:256-269.
Johnston Cliff T., Barl William L., Erickson C. 1995. Vibrational andNMRprobe studies of SAz-1 montmorillonite. In Metal speciation andcontamination of soil. 237-254. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL,USA
Breen Christopher, Watson Ruth, 1998. Acid-activated organoclays:Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity of polycation-treatedbentonites. Applied Clay Sciences. 12:479-494.
Brigatti Maria Franca, Corradini Fulvio, Franchini Gian Carlo, MazzoniSilvia, Medici Luca, Poppi Luciano. 1995. Interaction betweenmontmorillonite and pollutants from industrial waste-waters: exchange ofZnand Pb from aqueous solutions. Applied Clay Sciences. 9:383-395.Demir Ilham. 1988. Studies of smectite membrane behavior:electrokinetic,osmotic, and isotopic fractionation processes at elevated presures.Geochimica et Cosmochimic Acta. 52:727-737.
Eyde D.T., Eyde Ted T. 1987. Geology and mining of the cheto bentonitedeposit, Apache County, Arizona. In Zeo-trip'87; an excursion to selectedzeolite and clay deposits in southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona.p47-54. Int. Comm. Nat. Zeolites. Brockport, New York.
Eyde Ted T., Eyde Dan T. 1987. Bentonite and specialty sand deposits inthe Bidahochi Formation, Apache County, Arizona. In Aggregates tozeolites(Az) in Arizona and the southwest. University of Arizona. p123-127.
Colten Virginia Ann 1985. Experimental determination of smectitehydration states under simulated diagenetic conditions. Dissertation.University of Illinois-Urbana.
Uno Yasuaki, Kohyama Norihiko, Sato Mitsuo, Takeshi Hideo. 1985Formationand decomposition of quartz type phases during high temperature reactionsofmontmorillonite. In Abstracts: 1985 international Clay Conference.
Kerr, P.F.,1949, Reference Clay Minerals, A.P.I. Project 49.
Kiersch, G.A.,and Keller, W.D.,1955, Bleaching clay deposits, Sanders-DefiancePlateau District, Navajo County, Arizona, Economic Geology, v.50, p.469-494.
Grim, R.E.,and Kulbicki, G.,1961, Montmorillonite: high tempera ture reactionsand classification,American Mineralogist, v.46, p.1329-1369.
Sloane, R.L.,and Guilbert, J.M.,1967, Electron-optical study of alterationto smectite in the Cheto clay deposit, Clays and Clay Minerals, v.15,p.35-55.
Weaver, C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973, The chemistry of clay minerals, Developmentsin Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p.55-86.
Grim, R.E.,and Guven, N.,1978, Bentonites - geology, mineralogy, properties,and uses, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co.,256 p.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon press, 346 p

Hectorite SHCa-1

Foshaq, W.R.,and Woodford, A.O.,1936, Bentonite magnesium clay mineral fromCalifornia, American Mineralogist, v.21, p.238-244.
Ross, C.S.,and Hendricks, S.B.,1945, Minerals of the Montmorillonite Group,U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 205-B.
Kerr, P.F.,1949, Reference Clay Minerals, A.P.I. Project 49.
Ames, L.L.Jr.,Sand, L.B.,and Goldich, S.S.,1958, A contribution on the Hector,California bentonite deposit, Economic Geology, v.53, p.22-37.
Grim, R.E.,and Kulbicki, G.,1961, Montmorillonite: high temperature reactionsand classification, American Mineralogist, v. 46, p.1329-1369.
Weaver C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973, The chemistry of clay minerals, Developmentsin sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p.55-86.
Grim, R.E.,and Guven, N.,1978, Bentonites - geology, mineralogy, properties,and uses, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co.,256 p.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon Press, 346 p
Madsen, B.M. 1970 Core logs of three test holes in Cenozoic Lakedeposits near Hector, California. USGS Bulliten 1296
McAtee, J.L. Jr. 1970. Simultaneous X-ray diffraction ñ DTA. Clays and Clay Minerals. 18:223-232.
Cebell, W.A. and G.V. Chilingarian. 1972. Some data on compressibility and density anomalies in halloysite, hectorite and illitic clays. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 56:796-802.
Lindberg, J.D. and D.G. Snyder. 1972. Diffuse reflectance spectra of several clay minerals. American Mineralogist. 57:485-493.
Trttonhorst, R. and H.E. Roberson. 1973. X-ray diffraction aspects of montmorillonites. American Mineralogist. 58:73-80.
Weaver C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973. The chemistry of clay minerals, Developments in sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p.55-86.
Gillespie, J.B., J.D. Lindberg and M.S. Smith. 1974. Visble and near-infrared absorption coefficients of montmorillonite and related clays. American Mineralogist. 59:1113-1116.
Smykatz-Kloss, W. 1974. Differential Thermal Analysis. Application and Results in Mineralogy. Springer-Verlag, New York
Kadi-Hanifi, M. 1977. Influence de líeau sur la position de líion Ba dans une hectorite. Acta Crystallographica, Section B. 33:2349-2350.
Kadi-Hanifi, M. 1977. Localisation de líion Ba dans une hectorite a líetat ë0 coucheí. Acta Crystallographica, Section B. 33:633-634.
Starkey, H.C., W. Mountjoy and J.M. gardner. 1977. Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH. Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey. 5:235-242.
Galnzman, R.K. 1978. New occurrences of the lithium-rich smectite, hectorite. U.S. Geological Service Professional Paper. Report No. P 1100:42-43.
Grim, R.E.,and Guven, N.,1978. Bentonites - geology, mineralogy, properties, and uses, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co.,256 p.
Farmer V.C. 1979. P.309 in H. van Olphen and J.J. Fripiat (eds.). Data Handbook for Clay Minerals and Other Non-metallic Minerals. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Gabis, V. 1979. P.128 in H. van Olphen and J.J. Fripiat (eds.). Data Handbook for Clay Minerals and Other Non-metallic Minerals. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
MacKenzie, R.C. and S. Callere. 1979. P.244 in H. van Olphen and J.J. Fripiat (eds.). Data Handbook for Clay Minerals and Other Non-metallic Minerals. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Moll, W.F. 1979. P.109. in H. van Olphen and J.J. Fripiat (eds.). Data Handbook for Clay Minerals and Other Non-metallic Minerals. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Decarreau, A. 1980. Cristallogenese experimentale des smectites magnesiennes; hectorite, stevensite. Bulletin de Mineralogie 103:579-590.
Tardy, Y, P. Lesniak, P. Duplay and R. Prost. 1980. Energies díhydration des argiles; application a líhectorite. Bulletin de Mineralogie. 103:217-223.
Sweet, W.E., Jr. 1980. The geology and genesis of hectorite, Hector, California. P 279-283 In D.L. Fife and A.R. Brown (eds.) Geology and mineral wealth of the California desert. ????
Kreit, J.F., I. Shainberg and A.J. Herbillon. 1982. Hydrolysis and decomposition of hectorite in dilute salt solutions. Clays and Clay Minerals. 30:223-231.
Fripiat 1982.
Lemons, K. and J.L. McAtee, Jr. 1982. Induced thermoluminescence of some clay minerals. Clays and Clay Minerals. 30:311-314.
Earnest, C. E. 1983. Thermal analysis of hectorite. Part I. Thermogravimetry. Thermochimica Acta. 63: 277-289.
Earnest, C. E. 1983. Thermal analysis of hectorite. Part II. Differential Thermal Analysis. Thermochimica Acta. 63: 291-306.
Clarke, G.M. 1985. Special clays. Industrial Minerals. 216:25-51.
Newman, A.C.D. and G. Brown. 1987. The Chemical Constitution of Clays. Chapter 1 in A.C.D. Newman (ed). Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals. Mineralogical Society, Monograph No. 6. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Clarke, G. 1989. Hectorite,: A rare special clay. P. 76-77. In G. Clarke (ed.) Industrial Clays: A special review. ???
Elmíchaouri, A. and M.H. Simonot-Grange. 1989. Hydration thermodynamic functions of hectorite and nontronite from experimental isotherms and the Polanyi-Dubinin method. In. V.C. Farmer and Y. Tardy (eds.) Proceedings of the 9th International Clay Conference, Vol III. Geochemistry of clays, nuclear waste disposal. Sciences Geologiques, Memoire, Strassburg.
Weiss, C.A., R.J. Kirkpatrick and S.P. Altaner. 1990. The structural environments of cations adsorbed onto clays: 133Cs variable-temperature MAS NMR spectroscopic study of hectorite. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 54:1655-1669.
Van Oss, C.J., R.F. Giese and P.M. Costanzo. 1990. DLVO and non-DLVO interactions in hectorite. Clays and Clay Minerals. 38:151-159.
Jaynes, W.F., S.J. Traina, J.M. Bigham and C.T. Johnston. 1992. Preparation and characterization of reduced-charged hectorites. Clays and Clay Minerals. 40:397-404.
Odom, I.E. 1992. Hectorite deposits in the McDermitt Caldera of Nevada. Mining Engineering. 44:586-589.
Mercier, L. and C. Detellier. 1994. Intercalation of tetraalkylammonium cations into smectites and its application to internal surface areas measurements. Clays and Clay Minerals. 42:71-76.
McBride, M.B. and P. Baveye. 1995. Mobility of anion spin probes in hectorite gels: viscosity of surficial water. Soil Science Society of America J. 59:388-394.
Komadel, P., J. Madejova, J. Hanek, W.P. Gates, R.J. Kirkpatrick and J.W. Studki. 1996. Dissolution of Hectorite in inorganic acids. Clays and Clay Minerals. 44:228-236.

Texas Montmorillonite STx-1

Jaynes, W.F. and J.M. Bigham, 1987, Charge reduction, octahedral chargeandlithium retention in heated Li-saturated smectites, Clays and ClayMinerals,35, 440-448.
Schilling, M.R., 1990, Effects of sample size and packing in thethermogravimetric analysis of calcium montmorillonite. Clays and ClayMinerals, 38, 556-558.
Villemore, G., 1990, Effect of negative surface-charge densities ofsmectiteclays on the adsorption isotherms of racemic and enantiomeric tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) chloride. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38,622-630.
Lebron, I., Suarez, D.L., Amrhein and String, J.E., 1993, Size of micadomains and distribution of the adsorbed Na-Ca ions, Clays and ClayMinerals, 41, 380-388.
Mercier, L. and C. Detellier, 1994, Intercalation of tetra-alkylammoniumcations into smectites and its application to internal surface areameasurements. Clays and Clay Minerlas, 42, 71-76.
Fitch., A., Du, J., Gan, H. and Stucki, J.W., 1995, Effect of clay chargeonswelling: a clay-modified electrode study, Clays and Clay Minerals, 42,71-76.
Heller-Kallai, L., Goldstein, T.P. and Navorotsky, A., 1996, Activecomponents in clay condensates and extracts as potential goecatalysts.Claysand Clay Minerals, 44, 393-397.
Malekani, K., Rice, J.A., and Lin, J-S, 1996, Comparison of techniques fordetermining the fractal dimensions of clay minerals. Clays and ClayMinerals, 44, 677-685.
Sullivan, D.J., Shore, J.S., and Rice, J.A., 1998, Assessment of cationbinding to clay minerals using solid-state NMR, Clays and Clay Minerals,46,349-354.
Eargle, D.H.,1959, Stratigraphy of the Jackson Group (Eocene), South CentralTexas, A.A.P.G. Bull.43, p.2623-2635.
Chem, Pei-Yuan, 1968, Geology and mineralogy of the White bentonite bedsof Gonzales County, Texas, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas, Austin,TX.
Grim, R.E.,and Guven, N.,1978, Bentonites - Geology, mineralogy, properties,and uses, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co.,256 p.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon Press, 346 p

Na-Montmorillonite (Wyoming) SWy-1 or SWy-2

Ajjou, A. N., Harouna, D., Detellier, C., and Alper, H. (1997)Cation-exchanged montmorillonite catalyzed hydration of styrenederivatives.Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-Chemical, 126, 55-60.
Anderson, M. A., and Bertsch, P. M. (1993) Electrophoretic mobility andparticle-size of clays using laser-Doppler velocimetry photon-correlationspectroscopy. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57, 1641-1643.
Billingham, J., Breen, C., and Yarwood, J. (1997) Adsorption of polyamine,polyacrylic acid and polyethylene glycol on montmorillonite: An in situstudy using ATR-FTIR. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 14, 19-34.
Breen, C., and Watson, R. (1998) Polycation-exchanged clays as sorbentsfororganic pollutants: Influence of layer charge on pollutant sorptioncapacity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 208, 422-429.
Chiou, C. T., and Rutherford, D. W. (1997) Effects of exchanged cation andlayer charge on the sorption of water and EGME vapors on montmorilloniteclays. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 867-880.
Cione, A. P. P., Neumann, M. G., and Gessner, F. (1998) Time-dependentspectrophotometric study of the interaction of basic dyes with clays -III.Mixed dye aggregates on SWy-1 and Laponite. Journal of Colloid andInterface Science, 198, 106-112.
Collins, D. R., Fitch, A. N., and Catlow, C. R. A. (1992) Dehydration ofvermiculites and montmorillonites - a time-resolved powderneutron-diffraction study. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2,865-873.
Denis, J. H., Keall, M. J., Hall, P. L., and Meeten, G. H. (1991)Influenceof potassium concentration on the swelling and compaction of mixed (Na, K)ion-exchanged montmorillonite. Clay Minerals, 26, 255-268.
Dubbin, W. E., Goh, T. B., Oscarson, D. W., and Hawthorne, F. C. (1994)Properties of hydroxy-Al and hydroxy-Cr interlayers in montmorillonite.Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 331-336.
Guggenheim, S., vanGroos, A. F. K. (1992) High-pressure differentialthermal-analysis (HP-DTA). 1. Dehydration reactions at elevated pressuresinphyllosilicates. Journal of Thermal Analysis, 38, 1701-1728.
Hall, P. L., and Astill, D. M. (1989) Adsorption of water by homoionicexchange forms of Wyoming montmorillonite (SWy-1). Clays and ClayMinerals,37, 355-363.
Huang, W. L., Bassett, W. A., Wu, T. C. (1994) Dehydration and hydrationofmontmorillonite at elevated-temperatures and pressures monitored usingsynchrotron-radiation. American Mineralogist, 79, 683-691.
Joo, P., Fitch, A., and Park, S. H. (1997) Transport in hydrophobizedmontmorillonite thin films. Environmental Science & Technology, 31,2186-2192.
Komadel, P, and Schomburg, J. (1993) Swelling of acid-treated bentonites.Ceramics-Silikaty, 37, 97-99.
Madejova, J., Komadel, P., and Cicel, B. (1994) Infrared study ofoctahedralsite populations in smectites. Clay Minerals, 29, 319-326.
McBride, M. B. (1995) On the natural Mn(II) EPR signal of SWy-1montmorillonite - comment. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 383-384.
Menegatti, A. P., Fruh-Green, G. L., and Stille, P. (1999) Removal oforganic matter by disodium peroxodisulphate: effects on mineral structure,chemical composition and physicochemical properties of some clay minerals.Clay Minerals, 34, 247-257.
Mercier, L., and Detellier, C. (1994) Intercalation of tetraalkylammoniumcations into smectites and its application to internal surface-areameasurements. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 71-76.
Neumann, M. G., Schmitt, C. C., and Gessner, F. (1996) Time-dependentspectrophotometric study of the interaction of basic dyes with clays. 2.Thionine on natural and synthetic montmorillonites and hectorites.Journalof Colloid and Interface Science, 177, 495-501.
Rutherford, D. W., Chiou, C. T., and Eberl, D. D. (1997) Effect ofexchangedcation on the microporosity of montmorillonite. Clays and Clay Minerals,45, 534-543.
Shao, H. T., and Vance, G. F. (1998) Sorption of trichloroethylene byorgano-clays in the presence of humic substances. Water Research, 32,3710-3716.
Sposito, G., Holtzclaw, K. M., Charlet, L, Jouany, C., and Page, A. L.(1983) Sodium-calcium and sodium-magnesium exchange on Wyoming bentoniteinperchlorate and chloride background ionic media. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal, 47, 51-56.
Stein, J. A., and Fitch, A. (1996) Effect of clay type on the diffusionalproperties of a clay-modified electrode. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44,381-392.
Tkac, I., Komadel, P., and Muller, D. (1994) Acid-treated montmorillonites-a case study by Si-29 and Al-27 MAS NMR. Clay Minerals, 29, 11-19.vanGroos, A. F. K., and Guggenheim, S. (1984) The effect of pressure onthedehydration reaction of interlayer water in Na-montmorillonite (SWy-1).American Mineralogist, 69, 9-10.
vanGroos, A. F. K., and Guggenheim, S. (1987) Dehydration of aCa-exchangedand a Mg-exchanged montmorillonite (SWy-1) at elevated pressures.AmericanMineralogist, 72, 292-298.
Wang, S. J., vanGroos, A. F. K., and Guggenheim, S. (1996) The effect ofCaCl2-H2O brines on the dehydration of Ca-exchanged montmorillonite(SWy-1)at elevated temperatures and pressures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,60, 2167-2172.
Wu, w., Giese, R. F., and Vanoss, C. J. (1994) Linkage betweensigma-potential and electron donicity of charged polar surfaces. 1.Implications for the mechanism of flocculation of particle suspensionswithplurivalent counterions. Colloids and Surfaces A - Physicochemical andEngineering Aspects, 89, 241-252.
Wu, w., Giese, R. F., and Vanoss, C. J. (1994) Linkage betweensigma-potential and electron donicity of charged polar surfaces. 2.Repeptization of flocculation caused by plurivalent counterions by meansofcomplexing agents. Colloids and Surfaces A - Physicochemical andEngineering Aspects, 89, 253-262.
Grim, R.E.,and Kulbicki, G.,1961, Montmorillonite: high temperature reactionsand classification, American Mineralogist, v.46, p.1329-1369.
Knechtel, M.M.,and Patterson, S.H.,1962, Bentonite deposits of the NorthernBlack Hills District, Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota, U.S.G.S. Bull.1082-M.
Slaughter, M.,and Earley, J.W.,1965, Mineralogical and geological significanceof the Mowry bentonites, Wyoming, G.S.A. Spec. Paper No.83.
Davis, J.C.,1965, Bentonite deposits of the Clay Spur District, Crook andWeston counties, Wyoming, Wyoming Geological Survey, Preliminary ReportNo.4.
Osterwald, F.W.,Osterwald, D.B.,Long, J.S.Jr.,and Wilson, W.H.,1966, Mineralresources of Wyoming, Wyoming Geological Survey, Bull. No.50 (revisedby W.H. Wilson).
Weaver, C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973, The chemistry of clay minerals, Developmentsin Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p.55-86.
Grim, R.E.,and Guven, N.,1978, Bentonites, geology, mineralogy, properties,and uses, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co.,256 p.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon Press, 346 p

Barasym SSM-100 Syn-1

Granquist, W.T.,1966, Synthetic Silicate Minerals, U.S. Patent 3,252,757.
Wright, A.C.,Granquist, W.T.,and Kennedy, J.,1972, Catalysis by layer latticesilicates I. The structural and thermal modification of a synthetic ammoniumdioctahedral clay, Journal of Catalysis, v.25, p.65-80.
Van Olphen, H.,and Fripiat, J.J.,1979, Data handbook for clay minerals andother non-metallic materials, Pergamon Press, 346 p

SPECIAL CLAY MINERALS

Ripidolite (Fe-Chlorite) CCa-1 or CCa-2 or CCa-3

Post, J.L.,and Plummer, C.C.,1972, Chlorite series of the Flagstaff Hillarea, California: a preliminary investigation, Clays and Clay Minerals,v.20, p.271-283.

Rectorite RAr-1 or RAr-2

Miser, H.D.,and Milton, C.,1964, Quartz, rectorite, and cookeite from theJeffrey Quarry, North Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Arkansas, Arkansas GeologicalCommission, Bull.21 (in coop. with the U.S.G.S.), Little Rock, Arkansas,29 p.

Otay Bentonite SCa-2 or SCa-3

Kerr, P.F.,1949, American Petroleum Institute Project 49, Columbia University,NY (API-24 clay standard).
Cleveland, G.B.,1960, Geology of the Otay bentonite deposit, San Diego County,California, Special Report 64, California Division of Mines, v.16.
Grim, R.E.,and Kulbicki, G.,1961, Montmorillonite: high temperature reactionsand classification, American Mineralogist, v.46, p.1329-1369.
Weaver, C.E.,and Pollard, L.D.,1973, The chemistry of clay minerals, Singer,A.,and E. Galan, eds., Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ.Co.,p.55-76.
Grim, R.E.,and Guven, N.,1978, Bentonites - geology, mineralogy, properties,and uses, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., 256p.
Post, J.L.,1981, Expansive soils - volume change and expansion pressureof smectites, California Geology, v.34, p.197-203.

*Ferruginous Smectite SWa-1

Kerr, P.F.,1949, American Petroleum Institute Project 49, Columbia University,New York.
Grim, R.E.,and Kulbicki, G.,1961, Montmorillonite: high temperature reactionsand classification, American Mineralogist, v.46, p.1329-1369.

*Vermiculite VTx-1

Clabaugh, S.E.,and Barnes, V.E.,1959, Vermiculite in Central Texas Reportof Investigations - No.40, Bureau of Economic Geology, University ofTexas, Austin, TX, p.1-32.
Folk, R.L.,Hayes, M.O.,Brown, T.E.,Eargle, D.H.,Weeks, A.D.,Barnes V.E.,andClabaugh, S.E.,1961, Field excursion - Central Texas Guidebook No.3,Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 53 p.
Barnes, V.E.,Bell W.C.,Clabaugh, S.E.,Cloud, P.E.Jr.,Young, K.,and McGehee,R.V.,1963, Field excursion - geology of the Llano region and Austinarea, Guidebook No.5, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas,Austin, TX, 131 p.
Bailey, S.W.,1975, Cation ordering and pseudo symmetry in layer silicates,American Mineralogist, v.60, p.175-187.
Brindley, G.W.,and Brown, G.,1980, Crystal structures of clay minerals andtheir x-ray identification, Mineralogical Society Monograpf No.5, MineralogicalSociety, London, p.98-104.

Illite IMt-1 or IMt-2

Hower, J.,and Mowatt, T.C.,1966, The mineralogy of illites and mixed-layerillite/montmorillonites, American Mineralogist, v.51, p.825-854.

*Nontronite NG-1

Schneiderhorn, P.,1965, Nontronit vom Hohen Hagen und Chloropal vom MeenserSteinberg bei Gottingen, Tschermaks Min. u. Petr. Mitt., Bd. 10, H.1-4, 386-399.

Saponite SapCa-1 or SapCa-2

Post, J.L.,1981, Expansive soils - volume change and expansion pressureof smectites, California Geology, v.34, p.197-203.
Post, J.L.,1984, Saponite from near Ballarat, California, Clays and ClayMinerals, v.32, p.147-153.

Sepiolite SepSp-1

Galan, E.B.,Lalglesia, A.,and Robertson, R.H.S.,1975, The Caceres polygorskitedeposit, Spain, Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, 1975(Mexico City), p.81-94.

*Sepiolite Sep-Nev-1

Post, J.L.,1978, Sepiolite deposits of the Las vegas, Nevada area, Claysand Clay Minerals, v.26, p.58-64
Post, J.L.,and Janke, N.C.,1984, Ballarat sepiolite, Inyo Co., California,in, Palyzorskite-Sepiolite: occurrences, genesis, and uses, Singer,A.,and E. Galan, eds., Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier SciencePubl. Co. p.159-167.

Cookeite CAr-1 or CAr-2

Miser, H.D.,and Milton, C.,1964, Quartz, rectorite, and cookeite from theJeffrey Quarry, North Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Arkansas, Arkansas GeologicalCommission, Bull.21 ( in coop. with U.S.G.S.), Little Rock, Arkansas,29 p.
Bailey, S.W.,1975, Cation ordering and pseudosymmetry in layer silicates,American Mineralogist, v.60, p.175-187.

Beidellite SBCa-1 or SBId-1

Post et al, 1997, Clays and Clay Minerals 45:240-250

Nontronite NAu-1 and NAu-2

Keeling, J.L.et al. 2000 "Geology and perliminary characterization of twonontronites from Uley graphite mine, South Australia" Clays and ClayMinerals.

Illite IWi-1

Grathoff et al. 1995. Abstract of 32nd Annual Clay Minerals SocietyMeeting.

*Temporarily not available in Source Clay Minerals Repository.