1. Draw (including roots) and identify your favorite forage specie. Locate and label all meristems involved in its vegetative growth. Mark with an asterisk (*) meristem(s) whose functions are required for herbage regrowth after harvest. What is the primary nonstructural carbohydrate accumulated by this forage specie and where is the principle site of accumulation? (12 points)

2. Complete the following table that describes the treatment/extractant used, component degraded/solubilized, and the resultant fiber component(s) remaining when using the Van Soest fiber analysis procedure. (12 points).

3. On the axis below draw four lines. Two lines showing concentrations of lactic and butyric acids for the initial 60 days after ensiling for good silage; the other two lines showing trends in lactic and butyric acid concentrations for poor silage during the initial 60 days post-ensiling. Label your lines. List two things you would do to increase the likelihood of obtaining good preservation of your silage. Why does pH of legume silage decline slower than that of grass silage. (12 points).

4. On the first set of axes below draw two lines: the first showing the impact of air temperature photosynthetic rate of tall fescue; the second showing the impact of air temperature photosynthetic rate of switchgrass. Label your lines. On the second set of axes draw lines illustrating the season growth patterns for these two forage grass species. Label your lines. Explain differences in your lines on both graphs. Which of these two species in most likely to have the highest RFV and why. (12 points).

5. On the axis below I have drawn a line illustrating trends in stored TNC reserves for alfalfa growing uncut between March 1 and July1. Add a second line showing the trend in stored TNC reserves for bromegrass as plants grow uncut between March 1 and July 1. Why do TNC concentrations of alfalfa roots decline during March? Would a bromegrass-alfalfa mixture be easy to manage for optimum yield, quality, and persistence? Explain using your lines. What nonstructural polysaccharide is accumulated by each of these species? (12 points).

Provide the word(s) that best complete the statement. (2 points each blank).

1. _________________________ ice formation almost always results in death of forage plants.

2. The cotyledonary node of legumes is "pulled" beneath the soil surface by a process referred to as _____________________________ growth.

3. An easy way to kill the fungal endophyte in tall fescue seed without chemicals is to _________________________________________________.

4. The components of the cell wall that are most and least digestible, respectively, are___________________________ and _________________________.

5. Tillers develop from ____________________________ meristems after defoliation.

6. The soil insect that results in scarring of taproot surfaces leading to pathogen infections is called _________________________________.

7. Of tall fescue, reed canarygrass, and orchardgrass, the most winter hardy is ___________________.

8. At similar stages of growth (maturity), the cool-season forage grass we've discussed that would be most likely to have the lowest leaf-to-stem ratio is __________________________.

9. The insect pest that over winters in the Southern USA, and is blown into Indiana on storm fronts every May is ____________________________________________.

10. _________% of plant dry weight is derived from photosynthesis.

11. The major skeletal polysaccharide in cell walls that is composed entirely of glucose is called _____________________________________.

12. ________________________________ seed is the class of seed from the foundation seed stock project that is available for purchase by farmers.

13. ________________ poisoning that occurs in cattle grazing _________________________ species also is referred to as prussic acid poisoning.

14. The heterocyclic ring compounds found in tall fescue that cause a host of metabolic disorders in livestock are called _________________________________.

15. Nutrient-root contact occurs primarily by ___________________________ and _____________.

16. Perennial grasses must receive a cold treatment before they will flower. This treatment is called ___________________________.

17. It is not possible to re-seed alfalfa into an existing alfalfa stand because of an allelopathic effect referred to as ________________________________.

18. The mineral particles found in soil increase in size from _______________(smallest), silt, and _________________(largest). These terms are used to describe soil _____________________.

19. Two reasons that forage seeds may fail to germinate include ___________________________ and _____________________________