Understand the concept of mesophyllic

Know the temperature range over which most plants are adapted

Be able to define chilling-stress temperatures

Understand the role of water in freezing temperature stress

Understand the concept of LD₅₀ as it applies to assessing temperature stress

Name two chilling-sensitive species

Know the interaction of time and temperature on causing temperature stress in plants

Understand the relationship between air, tissue, and soil temperatures

Know the symptoms of heat stress that can occur in plants

Understand how water stress can interact with high temperature stress

Understand heat effects on plant metabolism

Understand heat avoidance and heat tolerance mechanisms in plants

Be able to describe the role of heat-shock proteins in high temperature responses of plants

Describe the direct and indirect effects of chilling on plants

Understand chilling resistance mechanisms in plants

Understand the role of time in acquisition of chilling resistance

Be aware of the lower temperature limit for plant survival and its relationship to tissue water content

Understand the locations of ice formation in plant tissues and their impact on injury

Understand the mechanisms of freezing injury that occur in plant tissues

Know how rate of freezing/thawing influences ice crystal structure and injury

Understand how plants avoid low temperatures to avoid freezing

Know several management techniques used to rescue high-value crops from a freezing event

Understand latent heat and its role in freezing tolerance and supercooling

Understand the differences between freezing tolerance and winter hardiness

Know the stresses associated with winter and how plants adapt to them

Understand the processes involved in winter hardening

Know the environmental condition that lead to winter hardening

Understand the cultural/management factors (i.e., fertility, cutting, cultivar selection,...that can alter winter hardening

Understand how to manage winter-injured plants in order to improve their recovery